Secondary vs. primary pituitary xanthogranulomas: which yellow is more mellow?

Pituitary xanthogranulomatomas (XG) are a rare pathological entity caused by accumulation of lipid laden macrophages and reactive granuloma formation usually triggered by cystic fluid leakage or hemorrhage. Our aim was to compare clinical characteristics and presenting features of patients with secondary etiology of XG and those with no identifiable founding lesion (primary -"pure" XG) in order to gain new insights into this rare pituitary pathology. In a retrospective review of 714 patients operated for sellar masses, at tertiary center, we identified 16 (2.24%) with histologically confirmed diagnosis of pituitary XG over the period of 7 years (2015-2021). Patients were further analyzed according to XG etiology: "pure"- XG (n = 8) with no identifiable founding lesion were compared to those with histological elements of pituitary tumor or cyst - secondary XG (n = 8). We identified 16 patients (11 male), mean age 44.8 ± 22.3 years, diagnosed with pituitary XG. Secondary forms were associated with Ratke's cleft cyst (RCC, n = 2) and pituitary adenoma (PA, n = 6). The most common presenting features in both groups were hypopituitarism (75%), headache (68.5%) and visual disturbances (37.5%). Predominance of male sex was noted (males 68.75%, females 31.25%), especially in patients with primary forms. Patients with primary pituitary XG were all males (p = 0.0256) and more frequently affected by panhypopituitarism (87.5% vs. 25%, p = 0.0406) compared to patients with secondary causes. Hyperprolactinemia was noted in pituitary tumor group with secondary etiology only (p = 0.0769). Majority of lesions were solid on magnetic resonance imaging - MRI (81.25%). Distinct clinical phenotype was observed dependent on the etiology of XG.

Reconstruction of Moderately and Severely Atrophic Scalp-A Multicentric Experience in Surgical Treatment of Patients Irradiated for Tinea Capitis in Childhood and Surgical Algorithm.

Background and Objectives: Before the introduction of griseofluvin, the use of X-ray radiation was the treatment of choice for tinea capitis. More than half a century later various types of tumors have been found to be associated with childhood irradiation due to tinea capitis, most commonly cancers of the head and neck, as well as brain tumors. The often unusually aggressive and recurrent nature of these tumors necessitates the need for repeated surgeries, while the atrophic skin with an impaired vascular supply due to radiation often poses an additional challenge for defect reconstruction. We present our experience in the surgical treatment of such patients. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study. In this study, 37 patients treated for acquired defects of the scalp with a history of irradiation therapy due to tinea capitis in childhood were included in this study, 24 male and 13 female patients. The mean age at the first appointment was 60.6 ± 7.8, with the youngest included patient being 46 and the oldest being 75 years old. Patients' characteristics, surgical treatment, and complications were analyzed and a reconstructive algorithm was developed. Results: Local flaps were used for reconstruction in 34 patients, direct sutures were used in 10 patients and 20 patients received split-thickness skin grafts for coverage of both primary and secondary defects for reconstruction of flap donor sites. One regional flap and one dermal substitute covered by an autologous skin graft were also used for reconstruction. Complications occurred in 43.2% of patients and were significantly associated with the presence of comorbidities (p = 0.001), aseptic bone necrosis (p = 0.001), as well as skin atrophy in frontal, occipital, and parietal region (p = 0.001, p = 0.042 and p = 0.001, respectively). A significant correlation between major complications and moderate skin atrophy was found only in the parietal region (p = 0.026). Conclusions: Unfortunately, many protocols developed for scalp reconstruction are not applicable in the setting of severe or diffuse scalp skin atrophy associated with high tumor recurrence rate and radiation-induced vascular impairment, such as in tinea capitis patients in Serbia. An algorithm has been developed based on the authors' experience in managing these patients.

A unique case of intracranial collision tumor composed of ganglioglioma WHO gr I and supratentorial ependymoma WHO gr III: case-based literature review.

PURPOSE: Intracranial collision tumor is a rare entity that represents the coexistence of two histopathological different tumor types in the same area without histological admixture or an intermediate cell population zone. So far, several cases of collision tumors with ganglioglioma as its component have been reported in the literature, while supratentorial ependymoma has never been reported as a collision tumor component. We are presenting a unique case of collision tumor in patient without previous history of head trauma, neurological surgery, radiotherapy, or phakomatosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: A 17-year-old male with no previous history of head trauma, neurological surgery, radiotherapy, or phakomatosis was presented to our clinic with grand mal seizure. Brain magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium contrast was done revealing a contrast-enhancing lesion of right frontal lobe closely related to dura, surrounded by perifocal edema. The patient underwent a gross total tumor resection. Histological examination revealed collision tumor with two distinct components: ganglioglioma and supratentorial ependymoma. CONCLUSION: To our best knowledge, no previous reports of collision tumor composed of ganglioglioma and supratentorial ependymoma in a single patient have been reported. We believe that this report could significantly contribute to further surgical practice as well as to treatment decision for these types of collision tumors.

The Impact of Intraoperative Monitoring on Extent of Resection and Long-Term Neurological Outcomes: A Series of 39 Intramedullary Ependimomas.

AIM: To analyze the impact of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) on the extent of removal and long-term neurological outcomes in a series of grade II ependymomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 88 consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection of an intramedullary spinal cord tumor (IMSCT) at the Clinic of Neurosurgery of the Clinical Center of Serbia in Belgrade between January 2012 and December 2017. In all, 39 patients (25 males and 14 females; mean age 46.16 years) with grade II ependymomas were enrolled in this study; the mean follow-up time was 49.84 months. The modified McCormick Scale (mMCS) was used to assess the short- and long-term outcomes, and the patients were divided into two groups based on whether they underwent IONM. RESULTS: The gross-total removal rate was 89.7%, and it was not influenced by use of IONM, location or tumor size. Upon admission,43.2% of the patients were dependent (grades IV and V), while 56.8% were independent (grades I, II and III), according to the mMCS. After 3 months of follow-up, 76.9% of the patients maintained or improved their neurological status, but this percentage was reduced after long-term follow-up. CONCLUSION: Total surgical resection with good neurological outcomes can be achieved in the vast majority of patients with grade II ependymomas; it is important to emphasize that the use of IONM allows acceptable extent of resection and provides better results in terms of functional outcomes, with lower morbidity rates. Therefore, no correlation was demonstrated between the decrease in the basal amplitudes of IONM and D-waves and poor neurological outcomes.

Predictors of unfavourable outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Mortality rates following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) have decreased due to improvements in diagnoses and the management of complications, as well as early obliteration of the aneurysms. Neurogenic pulmonary oedema (NPO) is a clinical syndrome associated with an acute increase in intracranial pressure and a release of catecholamines into the circulation. This study investigated independent predictors of unfavourable outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scores 1, 2 or 3) in patients with aSAH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 262 patients with aSAH (162 females) were included in this prospective study. Clinical characteristics were assessed, and electrocardiographic, serum cardiac and inflammatory biomarker measurements were recorded on admission. Outcomes were assessed three months after admission. Univariate and multivariate analyses of these data were used to predict unfavourable outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 156 patients (59.54%) had unfavourable outcomes. Compared to those who had favourable outcomes, patients with unfavourable outcomes were significantly older (54.37 ± 10.56 vs. 49.13 ± 10.77 years; p < 0.001) and had more severe aSAHs (Hunt and Hess grades ≥ 3: 82.7% vs. 39.6%; p < 0.001). Patients with unfavourable outcomes were more likely to have NPO (10.3% vs. 2.8%; p = 0.023), hydrocephalus (34.0% vs. 20.8%; p = 0.02), and aneurysm reruptures (28.2% vs. 3.8%; p < 0.001). Independent predictors of an unfavourable outcome included Hunt and Hess grades ≥ 3 (odds ratio [OR], 4.291; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.168-8.491; p < 0.001), increased systolic blood pressure on admission (OR, 1.020; 95% CI, 1.002-1.038; p = 0.03), increased heart rate (HR) on admission (OR, 1.024; 95% CI, 1.001-1.048; p = 0.04), and aneurysm rerupture (OR, 4.961; 95% CI, 1.461-16.845; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that aneurysm reruptures, as well as increased blood pressure and HR, are associated with unfavourable outcomes in patients with aSAH.

The endoscopic endonasal approach for pediatric craniopharyngiomas: the key lessons learned.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to highlight the role of the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) in pediatric craniopharyngiomas by reviewing our experience and the key lessons learned from the application of this approach in children. METHODS: Between 1998 and 2017, 12 pediatric craniopharyngiomas were treated via EEA at our institution. Demographic data, preoperative assessment, tumor features, surgical results, complications, and recurrences were analyzed. RESULTS: Visual defects were the most frequent presenting sign. Seven craniopharyngiomas were infradiaphragmatic, and five were supradiaphragmatic. The EEA was successfully performed in all cases with no complication related to children's sinonasal anatomy. Gross total resection (GTR) rate was of 75%. Endocrinological disturbances improved in one case (20%) and worsened in three (60%). New onset of diabetes insipidus was observed in four (36%) children. Visual defect improved in 91% of cases, with no new postoperative deficit. Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak occurred in one patient (8%). Three patients (27%) experienced tumor regrowth, and one craniopharyngioma recurred (mean follow-up, 78 months). CONCLUSIONS: The EEA offers a straight route to the sellar-suprasellar, making it the ideal approach for pediatric infradiaphragmatic craniopharyngiomas. In supradiaphragmatic craniopharyngiomas, the extended EEA provides a clearer and close-up visualization of the tumor-hypothalamus interface, which can grant better results in terms of quality of life. The pediatric skull base anatomy should not represent a contraindication for the endoscopic technique. Larger series encompassing a wider spectrum of pediatric craniopharyngiomas are needed to further support the benefits of this surgical approach.

A Survival Analysis with Identification of Prognostic Factors in a Series of 110 Patients with Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Before and After Introduction of the Stupp Regimen: A Single-Center Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Current treatment protocol for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is based on maximal safe resection followed by the Stupp protocol. In Serbia, temozolomide was introduced as adjuvant therapy in 2011. The aims of this study were to confirm the safety and efficacy on overall and progression-free survival of the Stupp protocol and evaluate the influence of prognostic factors in one of the largest series of patients with GBM treated over a 2-year period. METHODS: Between January 2010 and December 2012, 110 patients with newly diagnosed GBM underwent surgical removal at the Neurooncology Department of the Clinic Center of Serbia. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to postoperative treatment. Group A (n = 24 patients), treated before January 2011, received adjuvant standard radiation therapy and carmustine (bis-chloroethyl-nitrosourea), and group B (n = 86 patients), treated after January 2011, received postoperative treatment according to the Stupp protocol. RESULTS: The Stupp protocol had a significant favorable impact on overall survival at 1-year follow-up (79.1% in group B vs. 62.5% in group A; P = 0.016); no differences were noted in regard to progression-free survival. Multivariate analysis identified younger age and gross total resection of tumor as positive prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Adoption of the Stupp protocol had a favorable impact on overall, but not on progression-free, survival rate. Wider surgical resection involving the peritumoral brain zone, as confirmed by univariate and multivariate analysis, represents the most favorable prognostic factor.

Intraventricular Meningiomas: A Series of 42 Patients at a Single Institution and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Primary intraventricular meningiomas (IVMs) make up 0.5%-5% of all intracranial meningiomas and represent one of the most challenging lesions in neurosurgery. METHODS: Between 1990 and 2013, 42 patients (30 female, 12 male; mean age, 43.6 years) underwent resection of their IVM. The removal was performed by a posterior parietal approach in 19 of the 40 lateral ventricle tumors, and 1 third ventricle meningioma. The transcallosal approach was used for 3 meningiomas, and patients with other lesions underwent temporal (7 cases) and temporoparietal approaches (12 patients), respectively. RESULTS: The most common presenting signs were increased intracranial pressure (83.3%), visual impairment (78.6%) and cognitive changes (50%). Forty lesions (95.2%) arose in the lateral ventricles, and 2 (4.8%) in the third ventricle, ranging in size from 3 to 10 cm. Total removal was achieved in 39 cases and the pathology report disclosed World Health Organization grade I lesions in 41 cases. Hydrocephalus, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and cerebral edema were the postoperative complications (7.15%); 1 patient died of respiratory problems not directly related to surgery. Thirty-five patients (83.3%) showed a 6-month Glasgow Outcome Scale of 5. One patient, who underwent partial resection, presented a recurrence after 1 year that remained stable until last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: IVMs usually reach a large size before being diagnosed. Surgical treatment is the most suitable option and total removal should represent the main goal of the procedure. The posterior parietal transulcal approach and the temporoparietal approach are the most common surgical routes used in our series.

The Influence of Adjuvant Radiotherapy in Atypical and Anaplastic Meningiomas: A Series of 88 Patients in a Single Institution.

OBJECTIVE: Atypical and anaplastic meningiomas (World Health Organization classification grade II and III) represent a small and heterogeneous subgroup of meningiomas that has a more aggressive biological nature and higher frequency of recurrence. The atypical form accounts for 4.7%-7.2%, whereas the anaplastic type accounts for 1%-2.8% of all meningiomas. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of postoperative radiotherapy on overall survival and progression-free survival in patients operated for atypical and anaplastic meningiomas. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the patients operated at the Clinic of Neurosurgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2006 was performed. In that period 88 lesions met the histologic criteria for atypical (75) and anaplastic (13) meningiomas. Postoperative radiotherapy was conducted in 63.6% of patients. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 67.4 months the overall survival was 68 months and the 5-year survival was about 54.5%. The median survival was 76 months with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy and 40 months with surgery alone (log rank = 7.4; P = 0.006). Recurrent disease occurred in 58 patients (65.9%). Median time between first surgery and tumor recurrence in patients undergoing radiotherapy was 51 months, whereas in the nonirradiated group it was 24 months (log rank = 17.7; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified as recurrence-predicting factors anaplastic histotype (hazard ratio = 2.9; P = 0.003) and postoperative radiotherapy (hazard ratio = 4.5; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of adjuvant radiotherapy to surgery for atypical and anaplastic meningiomas resulted in a clinically meaningful and statistically significant survival benefit.